Solon Leaves Without Reward
This was the speech that Solon spoke to King Croesus. His words were wise, but they brought him neither gifts nor honor. Croesus did...
Solon Explains the Uncertainty of Human Life
“Oh, Croesus,” Solon replied calmly, “you asked me a question about human happiness. This is a serious question, because the power above us is...
Solon Continues His Lesson to Croesus
After telling the story of Tellus of Athens, Solon continued to advise King Croesus with calm and careful words. He explained Tellus’s happiness by...
The Congress of Berlin and Its Decisions
After signing the Congress of Berlin Treaty, Prince Bismarck and Lord Beaconsfield believed they had successfully changed history and ensured peace in Europe.
Unforeseen Forces...
Bulgaria Declares Independence
On October 5, the governments of Britain, France, and Russia were shocked by secret messages from Bulgaria. At 11:00 AM, Prince Ferdinand announced that...
The Deesis in the Apse
The Deesis composition in the apse features Christ, called the "Most Benevolent," with Theotokos (Mary) on the left and John the Baptist on the...
The Stadium in Ephesus
North of the great theater in Ephesus, archaeologists have found the remains of an ancient stadium. An inscription shows that it was rebuilt during...
The Theater in Ephesus
The large theater in Ephesus still stands today, located just across the street from the commercial marketplace. It was first built during the Greek...
The State Agora A Public Square for Civic Life
In the upper eastern part of Ephesus, there was a large public square called the state agora. It measured about 525 feet (160 meters)...
Ancient States of Asia Minor
Pontus, Cappadocia, and Pergamun
Pontus A Multilingual Region
The northern coast of Asia Minor, known as Pontus, was dominated by a feudal Persian nobility. Despite its...
